In Defense of Cephalus

The Philosopher King in Practice

Abstract

A fresh perspective on Cephalus in Plato's Republic. Rather than viewing him as just an opening character who quickly exits the dialogue, I argue that Cephalus exemplifies the philosopher king concept in practice. Through analysis of the Republic and historical context, I demonstrate how Cephalus prefigures and catalyzes the dialogue's core discussions about justice and psychological well being (eudaimonia).

Introduction

While many dismiss Cephalus's brief Book I appearance as merely setup, his character actually provides a vital practical example of the philosophical ideals that unfold throughout the Republic. As a successful metic who achieved both practical success and philosophical wisdom, his portrayal offers key insights into Plato's vision of justice and governance.

Setting and Symbolism

The physical setting of Cephalus's introduction carries profound symbolic weight. We find him seated on a diphros - a significant piece of furniture that connects to various seats of power: judge's seats, royal thrones, and the Roman sella curulis (the ceremonial chair used by magistrates). The term diphros itself has multiple meaningful associations, from chariot boards to royal thrones, suggesting both mobility and authority. Cephalus is wearing a chaplet (laurel crown) having just performed religious sacrifices, and others are seated around him in a circle.

This careful scene-setting by Plato creates a powerful image that foreshadows the philosopher king concept: an elder statesman, crowned after religious observance, seated on a throne-like chair, surrounded by those seeking wisdom. The circular arrangement of seats suggests the dialectical nature of philosophical inquiry while maintaining Cephalus in a position of natural authority.

Traditional Interpretations of Cephalus

Common interpretations of Cephalus's role include:

- He's merely a minor character with little significance

- He represents an example of an unjust person

- His early departure shows disinterest in philosophy

- His age makes him too old for philosophical discourse

- He's simply being polite in letting younger men talk

- He serves as a warning about caring too much for wealth

I believe all these interpretations miss the mark.

Historical Evidence

Contemporary sources paint a different picture of Cephalus. Cephalus was a wealthy arms manufacturer from Syracuse who lived as a metic (resident alien) in Athens. David Whitehead's "The Ideology of the Athenian Metic" portrays him as the moral ideal of a fifth-century metic - a man with an impeccable reputation who served his adopted city well. His son Lysias wrote that during their 30 years in Athens, Cephalus lived so honorably that he never appeared as either prosecutor or defendant in any legal case. As father to the renowned orator Lysias and philosopher Polemarchus, he exemplified successful integration into Athenian society.

Cephalus as Exemplar

His description of good character being the key to happiness in old age and in youth anticipates key qualities that align with the dialogue's later development of the four-part psyche model:

- Eukoloi (Easily satisfied): Demonstrates moderation of desires

- Autos Logos (Reasonable): Shows wisdom and deliberation

- Kosmioi (Well-ordered): Maintains social order and Courage in facing death

- Living justly and piously: Exemplifies proper role fulfillment and Justice in business dealings

Importantly, Cephalus suggests that philosophical rulership can occur outside official positions - true wisdom manifests through internal governance rather than formal authority. Even Cephalus's much-discussed exit to perform religious duties demonstrates his wisdom in balancing contemplation with action and knowing when to engage or disengage to take care of his business.

Balance of Theory and Practice

Plato writes that philosopher kings must understand both abstract Forms and their practical applications. Similarly, Cephalus masterfully balances business affairs with ethical principles. Like the philosopher king who must "return to the cave" to apply their wisdom, Cephalus maintains active social engagement while pursuing wisdom.

Material Detachment

While Plato states that philosopher kings must avoid being "lovers of money or honor," Cephalus demonstrates this through his moderate approach to wealth, describing his path as "a middle way between my grandfather and father." His willingness to leave philosophical discussion for religious duties shows his prioritization of higher goods over material concerns.

The Myth of Er Connection

The Republic's concluding Myth of Er validates Cephalus's approach to virtue. The myth warns against choosing new lives based on habit rather than wisdom, confirming Cephalus's emphasis on character development over externals. His "middle way" approach aligns with Socrates's advice to "choose the life seated in the mean and shun excess in either direction."

Cephalus's peaceful acceptance of mortality and his description of the "sweet hope" that comes from living justly mirror the myth's portrayal of well-lived lives. His integration of business, family, religious, and philosophical concerns demonstrates the practical wisdom the myth advocates.

Personal and Political Integration

At the personal level, Cephalus demonstrates:

- Appetitive moderation in wealth management

- Rational wisdom through philosophical engagement

- Spirited order in household management

- Overall justice through proper role fulfillment

Modern Relevance: Character vs. Prejudice

This interpretation has important implications for modern issues:

- Echoes Martin Luther King's dream of judging by character rather than external traits

- Suggests focusing on developing individual virtue rather than group identity

- Emphasizes personal agency while acknowledging systemic challenges

- Offers wisdom for navigating both privilege and disadvantage

Conclusion

Cephalus isn't just a minor character who exits early - he's a living example of the philosophical life Plato advocates. His brief appearance provides a concrete model of how to live justly, regardless of circumstances. This interpretation shows that The Republic isn't about creating an ideal state but about developing one’s character - something available to everyone, regardless of position or power.

The true philosopher king isn't a political ruler but anyone who governs themselves with wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. Cephalus shows us this is possible through his lived example, making The Republic's lofty ideals accessible and practical for all.